Part I: Foundations

The Is-Ought Problem

Introduction
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The Is-Ought Problem

The classical formulation holds that normative conclusions cannot be derived from purely descriptive premises:

is-statements⇏ought-statements{\text{is-statements}} \not\Rightarrow {\text{ought-statements}}

This rests on an assumption: physics constitutes the only "is," and physics is value-neutral. I reject this assumption.